![]() ![]() If the loss of case represents the pre-eminent diachronic event in the history of the Spanish noun system, the disappearance of the Latin neuter gender is perhaps the second most important change. ![]() Through metonymic extension of their meaning ( el cura ‘the priest’, el guardia ‘the guardsman’). Pattern and words like cura ‘cure’ and guardia ‘guard’ are feminine in their original, abstract sense, only becoming masculine (both feminine) are modern abbreviations of words that do fit the normal are later cultismos (learned borrowings from Latin/Greek) words like moto ‘motorbike’ and foto ‘photo’ a/ such as poeta ‘poet’, síntoma ‘symptom’, problema ‘problem’ etc. Most of the Greek-derived masculine nouns in In the modern language, the main popularly derived exceptions to the principle whereby nouns in /-o/ are masculine and nouns in /-a/ feminine are día ‘day’ (masc.) and mano ‘hand’ (fem.). In Spanish, it survives only in a few fossilized proper nouns, such as Santiago ( popa ‘stern (of ship)’Ĭŏ chleāre ( neuter) > Old Sp. Moreover, by its nature, it did not express any syntactic relation and its existence can be regarded as being peripheral to the question of how the Latin nominal system evolved. However, this was marked only in a minority of nouns and Vocative case, which was used for direct address. Examples involving various prepositions are given below: The prepositions in ‘on/at’ and super ‘on/above/beyond’ selected either case depending on the sense in which they were being used. For example, ad ‘to(wards)’, inter ‘among/during’ and per ‘for/per’ selected the accusative, while cum ‘with’, ex ‘from’, prō ‘for’ and dē ‘of/about’ selected the ablative. 17)įor nouns that occurred as the complement of a preposition, Latin normally used either the accusative or the ablative case, depending on the preposition or its specific meaning. The former is referred to as the genitive case and the latter as the ablative. ![]() the phrases designating the main participants in the proposition expressed, the Latin morphology included a case which typically related one noun to another, for example in a possessive relationship, and a case which marked the noun phrase as having an adverbial role in the clause. In addition to these three cases, which were assigned to the verb’s principal arguments, i.e. ‘The Senate gave freedom to these states.’ Senatus libertatem his civitatibus dedit. Thus in the example below from Livy, the subject senatus is in the nominative case, the direct object libertatem is in the accusative case and the indirect object his civitatibus is in the dative case. The term ‘morphological case’ refers to the form taken by a specific word, particularly a noun, as a reflex of its grammatical function in a sentence. 1.3 Binary case system of late spoken Latinġ.4 Reanalysis of /-s/ as a plural markerġ.5 Possible expansion of the short nominative formsĪ major typological difference between Spanish and Latin consists in the fact that Latin had morphological case whereas Spanish in general does not (a small reside remains in the contrast between the weak pronouns le and les versus lo, la, los and las). ![]()
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